Skin cancer originates in the epidermis, which is the skin’s outermost layer. This type of cancer is by far the most common in the United States, with millions of new cases diagnosed each year.
While skin cancer is common, it’s usually very treatable, especially when detected early. Because it’s primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, skin cancer is also quite preventable with thoughtful skincare and the application of sunscreen.
There are four primary forms of skin cancer:
- Basal cell carcinoma, the most common type of skin cancer, often appears as a flesh-colored, pearl-like, or pinkish growth or patch of skin. More than 3.6 million new cases of basal cell carcinoma are diagnosed each year in the United States.
- Melanoma is often referenced as the most serious skin cancer because it can spread quickly. This type of skin cancer may develop within an existing mole or as a new spot on the skin.
- Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare type of skin cancer that is often aggressive, spreading to other parts of the body. This type of cancer causes firm, painless skin lesions that grow rapidly.
- Squamous cell carcinoma may appear as a red bump, scaly patch, or nonhealing sore. It is the second most common type of skin cancer and forms on skin that’s exposed to the sun.
Less commonly diagnosed skin cancers include dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and sebaceous carcinoma.
What causes skin cancer?
Skin cancer is caused by exposure to UV rays, including the sun’s rays and those from artificial sources, such as tanning beds. Having certain characteristics beyond your control can increase your risk of developing skin cancer:
- A large number of moles
- A personal history of skin cancer
- Blond or red hair
- Blue or green eyes
- Family history of skin cancer
- Lighter skin color
- Skin that burns, reddens, or freckles easily
While skin cancer is more commonly diagnosed among older adults, it can affect any person of any age, ethnicity, and skin tone. The sun’s rays don’t discriminate. Skin cancer is increasingly being diagnosed among younger adults and even teens.
What are the signs and symptoms of skin cancer?
Each form of skin cancer can look slightly different, but you can still watch for signs that skin cancer may be developing. Skin cancer symptoms include:
- A new skin spot or lesion
- An existing skin spot or mole that’s changing or suddenly feels different
- A nonhealing wound or sore, or one that heals and then recurs
- A skin spot that’s bleeding, is painful, or itches
The acronym ABCDE is often used in detecting melanoma, but it can be helpful for spotting other types of skin cancer, too. Skin spots that are asymmetrical (meaning unevenly shaped), that have a rough or jagged border, that contain multiple colors, that have a diameter larger than a pencil eraser, or that are evolving should be discussed with your primary care provider or a dermatologist.
It’s always better to have a safe spot checked out than to have skin cancer go undetected. Any skin changes or spots that seem abnormal for you should be seen by a medical provider. The earlier you check things out, the better. Early-stage skin cancer is more easily treatable and curable than cancer detected in more advanced stages.
Can skin cancer be prevented?
In many cases, yes. According to the American Cancer Society, most cases of skin cancer and skin cancer deaths are caused by exposure to UV radiation. That means you can take steps to lower your risk by practicing sun safety basics:
- Wear sunscreen. Choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen that’s SPF 30 or higher and apply it to all exposed skin about 20 minutes before going outside. Reapply sunscreen at least every two hours while outdoors, or more often if sweating excessively or swimming. Don’t forget to apply sunscreen to often-missed spots, such as the toes, ears, and scalp.
- Seek shade when possible. While it’s not practical to spend all your time outdoors in the shade, even a small bit of shade or a small amount of time in the shade can lower your risk. Pop up an umbrella while out at the pool or sit under an overhang or porch.
- Finish your outfit with a hat and sunglasses. Wearing a broad-brimmed hat can provide extra sun protection for your ears, face, scalp, and neck. Protect your eyes and the sensitive skin around them from the sun’s UV rays by wearing sunglasses containing UV protection.
- Choose sun-protective clothing. When possible, wear clothing that can help shield you from the sun’s rays, including long sleeves and pants. You can also choose clothing containing UPF, which is the clothing equivalent of SPF.
- Don’t tan. While many people think that glowing skin is a sign of good health, it’s actually a sign of skin damage. Avoid tanning in the sun or in tanning beds. If you’d like a darker skin tone, try an artificial tanning product.
Aside from these sun safety basics, you can also help prevent skin cancer—or at least detect it in its earliest stages—by regularly examining your skin for the symptoms of skin cancer.
Schedule an appointment with a dermatologist
Our board-certified dermatologists provide expert services for a variety of skin cancer conditions. From diagnostic procedures to specialized skin cancer treatment, our dedicated team can help guide you through your skin cancer journey. Choose your dermatologist below to get started.