Knee surgery can be life-changing, restoring mobility and alleviating pain for those suffering from joint issues. However, as with any surgical procedure, recovery can come with challenges. One of the most frequently reported problems after knee surgery is stiffness, often limiting your range of motion for a period of time.
If you’re preparing for knee surgery or navigating the recovery process, this article will walk you through why knee stiffness after surgery occurs, how it can affect your recovery, and what you can do to overcome it. We’ll also share actionable tips to set you up for a successful rehabilitation, and when to schedule an appointment with an orthopedic specialist.
Why is stiffness common after knee surgery?
Post-surgical knee stiffness, often referred to as “arthrofibrosis,” is one of the most reportedissues following procedures such as total knee replacement or ACL reconstruction. It occurs when scar tissue forms around the knee joint, restricting your range of motion.
Causes of stiffness after surgery
There are several factors that contribute to knee stiffness, including:
- Inflammation and Swelling: Post-surgical healing involves inflammation, which can limit the knee’s flexibility.
- Scar Tissue Formation: Excessive activity or lack of activity during healing may lead to scar tissue development, restricting movement.
- Delayed Rehabilitation: A slow start to physical therapy or at-home exercising can result in the knee joint becoming stiff.
- Pre-existing Conditions: Factors such as arthritis or limited pre-surgery mobility and stiffmotion can also increase the likelihood of stiffness. If you have preoperative stiffness, you may benefit from doing “pre-hab” (a process that helps a person prepare for surgery)with physical therapy.
Stiffness is not uncommon during knee surgery recovery, but addressing it early is crucial for regaining full functionality. While mild stiffness may improve within a few weeks, full recovery from knee replacement surgery typically takes three to six months.
Symptoms to look out for
You may experience some or all of the following:
- Difficulty bending or straightening the knee
- Persistent swelling around the joint
- Tightness or discomfort during movement
- Pain when performing daily activities like walking or climbing stairs
If any of these symptoms persist beyond the initial weeks of recovery, it’s essential to consult your healthcare provider.
What are some steps you can take to manage knee stiffness post-surgery?
Reducing and preventing stiffness requires a combination of proactive care, physical therapy and adherence to postoperative guidelines. Here are the steps to help you effectively manage this common post-surgery challenge.
1. Physical therapy
Early movement helps improve circulation and minimize scar tissue formation. Your physical therapist or nurse navigator will provide you with targeted exercises designed to gradually increase your range of motion. Depending on your knee surgery, you may start outpatient therapyjust a few days after your procedure.
2. Stick to at-home exercises
Simple at-home exercises are just as important as the sessions you do with your physical therapist. If you see a therapist, they will guide you through exercises tailored to each stage of your recovery. Common exercises you can do to improve knee mobility after surgery include:
- Heel slides to improve knee flexibility
- Quadriceps sets to build leg strength
- Knee extensions to increase range of motion
Consistency is key—perform these exercises regularly as instructed.
Watch this video for a list of exercises to perform at home.
3. Use cold therapy
Applying ice packs to the knee can significantly reduce pain, swelling and inflammation, alleviating knee stiffness. Aim to ice for several minutes, multiple times a day. Always place a thin cloth between your skin and the ice pack to prevent irritation.
4. Manage pain effectively
Persistent pain can limit your ability to move and exercise, which can further exacerbate stiffness. Work with your doctor to manage pain effectively, whether through prescribed medications, over-the-counter options or alternative therapies such as TENS.
5. Maintain mobility
Avoid prolonged periods of sitting or lying down, as immobility can worsen stiffness in your joints. Incorporate gentle movements and short walks into your routine, even during the early stages of recovery.
6. Consider additional therapies
If stiffness persists despite your efforts, your doctor may recommend advanced interventions, such as manipulation, scar removal, or revision surgery.
Knee revision surgery is typically more complex than the original surgery. Patients who undergo knee revision surgery can expect a tailored approach to restore function, alleviate pain, and improve mobility. If you are experiencing persistent discomfort or difficulty moving early after a knee surgery, contact your surgeon for a reevaluation. If your problems persist on a long-term basis, schedule a consultation with the NGMC Orthopedic team to determine if a revision procedure is right for you.
How to prevent knee stiffness in the long term
Recovery from knee surgery doesn’t stop when the initial rehabilitation phase ends. By continuing to care for your knee and addressing any discomfort early on, you can maintain optimal mobility long after surgery.
Stay active
Engage in low-impact activities such as swimming, cycling, or yoga to keep your knee joint flexible and strong. These activities are gentle on the knees and encourage consistent movement.
Follow up with your doctor
Regular check-ups allow your orthopedic specialist to monitor your progress and address any issues that might arise. Never hesitate to bring up concerns about stiffness or mobility during these appointments.
Keep your weight in check
Carrying excess weight can place additional pressure on your knee, making it harder to regain full mobility. Focus on maintaining a healthy diet and an appropriate exercise routine to support your joints.
When should you see an orthopedic specialist?
While some stiffness is normal during knee surgery recovery, persistent or severe stiffness may indicate the need for further medical intervention. Don’t wait for the problem to worsen—schedule an appointment with your orthopedic specialist if:
- You’re unable to bend or straighten your knee significantly.
- Stiffness and pain persist beyond a few weeks of recovery.
- You’re struggling with daily tasks due to limited range of motion.
Your orthopedic specialist will evaluate your condition, determine the underlying cause and recommend the appropriate next steps.
Movement doesn’t have to be painful
Knee surgery is the first step toward a healthier, more active life. But every step after that counts—managing stiffness and maintaining mobility are essential for a successful recovery.
Scheduling an appointment is easy. If you’re considering knee surgery you can request a consultation with one of our trusted orthopedic specialists. Already seeing one of our orthopedic surgeons? Follow-up appointments are just as important—whether you need to address stiffness, check your progress, or adjust your recovery plan.
Struggling with stiffness or unsure about your progress? Don’t go through it alone. Schedule an appointment with one of our trusted orthopedic specialists. Together, we’ll create a personalized recovery plan to help you get back on your feet and live life fully.